![]() ![]() This reaction occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria and it involves oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis where ATP molecules are generated from energy precursors against the protein gradient. This occurs with the help of proton gradient force which was formed during earlier reactions. Where they are converted into ATP molecules after a series of oxidation and reduction reactions. The energy precursors such as NADH and FADH enter the electron transport chain (ETC), This stage is also known as tricarboxylic acid cycle or citric acid cycle. The molecules are further metabolized resulting in energy products. The Krebs cycle begins with a combination of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate resulting in the first six carbon molecule and this step repeats for second acetyl CoA. This step is called pyruvate decarboxylation or the link reaction. This occurs inside the mitochondria and serves as a precursor for the Krebs cycle. The pyruvates produced are converted to two molecules of acetyl CoA after the removal ofĬarbon dioxide and hydrogen groups. This step involves ten enzymes and ten intermediate products.įrom here on, the reactions occur inside the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells and this step isĬommon for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm where a single molecule of glucose is metabolized to two pyruvate molecules. This is more often termed as fermentation process. Further, no carbon dioxide and water are produced. Here lactic acid is produced and not much energy is generated. ![]() When respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen, it is termed as anaerobic respiration. The metabolism of glucose and energy production occurs in four stages: Glycolysis, Link reaction, Krebs cycle, and Electron transport chain. It also produces water which is utilized for cellular processes. The chemical reaction for aerobic respiration isĬ 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 → 6C O 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy (as ATP) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 → 6C O 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy (as ATP)Īt the end, carbon dioxide is produced which is taken up by the lungs and exchanged for oxygen. Together, these activities constitute respiration.Cellular respiration is a process of breaking up of carbohydrates to obtain energy for the cell. Finally, the cells utilize the oxygen for their specific activities: this is called cellular metabolism, or cellular respiration. The exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells is internal respiration. The blood transports the gases to and from the tissue cells. After this, there is an exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood. Every 3 to 5 seconds, nerve impulses stimulate the breathing process, or ventilation, which moves air through a series of passages into and out of the lungs. Aerobic Cellular Respiration basics: Define Cellular Respiration An ATP-generating process in which molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor comes from outside the cell and is (almost always) an inorganic molecule. Respiration is the sequence of events that results in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells. ![]() It also helps to regulate pH of the blood. ![]() The respiratory system works with the circulatory system to provide this oxygen and to remove the waste products of metabolism. The body cells need a continuous supply of oxygen for the metabolic processes that are necessary to maintain life. When the respiratory system is mentioned, people generally think of breathing, but breathing is only one of the activities of the respiratory system. Acknowledgements Introduction to the Respiratory System ![]()
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